"Normalize for Correctness, Denormalize for Performance": A Guide to Database Design

• Indexing: Properly indexing frequently used columns can significantly improve query performance without compromising data integrity.
• Caching: Implement caching mechanisms to store frequently accessed data in memory, reducing the need to access the main database for every request.
• Query optimization: Analyze and optimize queries to identify and eliminate inefficiencies. This might involve rewriting queries, using appropriate joins, and leveraging database features like materialized views.
• Hardware upgrades: In extreme cases, consider upgrading hardware resources like storage and memory to handle increased database load.